The Pros And Cons Of Equity Financing Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1030 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? Equity financing and debt financing are two alternative ways which assisted us to start a business. In addition, equity financing and debt financing were the useful methods when a company lacking of funds for the expansion in order to open a new plant. Equity financing is one of the ways to increase the funds of the business. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Pros And Cons Of Equity Financing Finance Essay" essay for you Create order It means that more funds can be obtained by sell their ownership interest to the public in exchange for funds and normally it does not have to be repaid. Equity financing are not refers to the owner itself put in the money into the business but the third party investors. Generally, the third party investors included public shares and also preference share. Examples for public share are venture capitalists and angel investors whereas for preference share are friends and family, employee and so on can be uses equity financing as a source of funding. (Jose Valdez, July 2005) Pros and Cons of Equity Financing The advantage of using equity financing is the owner of the business is unnecessary to take out the money and invest to the company because the business already has enough sources of funds from the investors. For instance, such investors like venture capitalists, they do not expected to get an immediate return on their investment but they looking for the growing potential of business which may increasing the investment value in the future. For the angel investors, they are slightly different to the venture capitalists. Angel investors are less aggressive and tend to be one or more investors. Their investment to the business is in the form of loan that secured by the equity. (Thomas Ajaya, Dec 2010) The disadvantage of the equity financing is the owner of the business has to pay back the interest for the investors. It means that the profit of the business is being share among the owner and the investors. And the business owner may probably lose completely control and autonomy of the business because equity financing is depends on ratio of the investment between the owner and the investor. If the investment of the investor is more than the owner then the owner of the business may take risk to lose the autonomy of the business. (Rosemary Peavler) Debt Financing Debt financing, in the other words, is another type form of loan. In simple words, debt financing is some kind of borrowing action from a lender or investor that must be repaid with interest with certain fixed amount in the future and it does not dilute the ownership of the company. Instead of that, the charges of interest rate on the borrowed funds also proportionally reflect the level of risk that the lender might be face by provided funds. For instance, most of the lender or investor, they will charged a higher interest rate of a new start up company compared to the company which has shown a profit for several years. There are several types possible methods for debt financing are available for small business such as private placement of bonds, convertible debentures, industrial development bonds, and leveraged buyouts. Besides, Debt financing also can be classified in short-term which has a maturity shorter than two years, long-term which has a maturity longer than one year o r a credit line for more immediate borrowing needs. For most of the methods that have been mentioned above, they are admitted by the co-signers, guaranteed by the government, or secure by the collateral. Pros and Cons of Debt Financing Like the equity financing, debt financing also has both advantages and disadvantages. The main advantage is that a greater degree of financial freedom is provided for debt financing business owner if compared to the equity financing. When the borrower has no further claim on the business, the loan repayment period are limited for debt obligations. Whereas for the equity financing, the investorsacirc;â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ claim does not end until their stock are completely sold off. In addition, a debt that paid on time can increase a businessacirc;â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s credit rating and can be making it easier to obtain other types of financing in the future. Furthermore, debt financing tends to be more expensive over the short-term, and less expensive over the long-term when compared to equity financing. On the other hand, the main disadvantage of debt financing is that the regular monthly payment of principal and interest of the loan are required. It mean that, when a business is in shorta ge, meaning that the business are facing the cash flow problem which are could cause the business unable to making payment for loan to the borrower and the penalties for late or missed payment were charged due to the late or missed payment. When the business fails to making payment on time, it may adversely affect the businessacirc;â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s credit rating and its ability to obtain future financing. Finally, the amount of fund for a small business may be obtain through debt financing is possible to be limited and it may caused them need to use other sources of financing at the same time as well. Recommendation For the business like IFCA Sdn Bhd which is a medium sized manufacturing company that is more suitable to use debt financing compared to the equity financing. Since the IFCA Company is in form of Sdn Bhd, because it cannot issue public shares to get the funds so that the easier way that could get fund from others is using debt financing. Besides, if the IFCA Sdn Bhd is using debt financing although it needs to repay loan for several years but it bring the benefit to the company which is tax deductible because of the payment of loan interest. In overall, debt financing is considered a valuable option for IFCA Sdn Bhd to begin their business. But if there is carrying too much debt for the company will affect the businessacirc;â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s credit rating and its ability to obtain future financing and may cause the business to encounter severe cash flow problem. Therefore, it is best to use combination of different form of financing to spread out the risk and facilitate future fundin g efforts.

Break of Day in the Trenches by Isaac Rosenberg - 950 Words

This poem was written about and during the time of World War 1 from the perspective of Isaac Rosenberg. The poem is actually quite straightforward and simple despite its perplexing lines, and contains few allusions. One of the preeminent allusions was the one referring to the poppy. When he said, â€Å"As I pull the parapet’s poppy† (5), he was referencing the symbolism of the poppy which during the time of WW1 was the symbol of the war dead because it had a tendency to sprout up among the corpses of the fallen soldiers. By using the double meaning of the poppy Rosenberg was perhaps hinting at the inevitable death that awaited him and his comrades. The second allusion comes forth from the rat, which is observed throughout the poem. The poem†¦show more content†¦These tools help the flow of the poem. One tool he uses is long ‘e’ vowel sounds and internal rhyme, or slant rhyme. An example of slant rhyme in the poem can be found in line 12 due to th e pairing of the two words, â€Å"sleeping green† which is referring to the No Man’s Land that separated the opposing trenches of the English and the French during World War 1. These tools add on to the slow, drowsy feeling the poem emits. Rosenberg is a master of tone and creates a poem full of resignation, philosophical ideas, and death. This feeling is heightened by the words he uses, such as: crumbles, sardonic, droll, sleeping, torn, and still heavens. To create the overall feeling of the poem Rosenberg used personification to give humanistic qualities to the rat saying it to have, â€Å"cosmopolitan sympathies† (8). Personification is found numerous times between lines 4 and 19 regarding the rat and in line 17 the tool of personification is used to depict the graves of the dead soldiers as, â€Å"the bowels of the earth.† Personification is what the whole poem was based on because the base of the poem revolves around the rat and the characteristi cs that the poet muses it has. He also uses alliteration in line 5 when he wrote â€Å"parapet’s poppy†. The consonant sounds help add on to the slow pace of the poem. Then using metonymy in line 9 he references the entire English army by using one small part, â€Å"this EnglishShow MoreRelatedThe Murder Of Mankind By Isaac Rosenberg971 Words   |  4 Pagesand revealed the insanity and futility of war. Isaac Rosenberg was a recognised poet who revealed the hidden truth; he was a soldier who joined war in 1960, however, unlike others, he came from a Jewish, working class background which differed him from other well-known First World War poets. The perception of life and death, in which time is juxtaposed with setting, is reflected in Isaac Rosenberg’s unrhymed free verse poem, â€Å"Break of Day in the Trenches†. Through this anti-war poem, his inhuman experiencesRead MoreUniversity Of Oxford English Professor, Dr. Stuart Lee1318 Words   |  6 Pages as it has acted as an avenue to access the real emotions and difficulties faced by the people, including soldiers, caused by the cruelties of the war. The paper will explore O’Prey’s quotation through the poets Siegfried Sassoon, Wilfred Owen, Isaac Rosenberg, Vera Brittain and Charlotte Mew. 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The sphinx is spotted â€Å"somewhere in the sands of the desert†[9]. The desert is symbolic of the temptation of Christ during his forty days and forty nights fasting by the devil. Therefore the sphinx can be associated with the devil in heralding the second coming of Christ. The city of Bethlehem mentioned in the last line of the poem is symbolic of the entering into the world of powerfulRead MoreBreak of Day in the Trenches1049 Words   |  5 PagesCourtney Zamarione Mr. Neuber Pre-Ap English II 1st hour February 8, 2013 In life, everyone has a time where they question their chance of survival or their mortality. In Break of Day in the Trenches, by Isaac Rosenberg, he makes a reference that a rat has a better chance of surviving that he does. That even someone more worthless than him is going to survive this terrible thing called war. In this narrative poem, he is at war fighting in France during World War I, questioning his chance ofRead MoreThe Tragedy Of World War II By Siegfried Sassoon1130 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom within the trenches. These men saw their fellow soldiers bodies inside the walls of the trenches, which was caused by wounds that were too extravagant to heal on their own, toxic fumes from poisonous dust that enemies caused, and the exhaustion of the never-ending battle of the war. Also, throughout the walls of the trenches, many massive rats withered their way into the flesh of the dead corpse of a fellow soldier. During the poem, â€Å"Break of Day in The Trenches† by Isaa c Rosenberg, he explainedRead MoreAnalysis Of Siegfried Sassoon s They And Men 1129 Words   |  5 Pagesbattles from within trenches. These men saw their fellow soldiers bodies inside the walls of the trenches, which was caused by wounds that were to extravagant to heal on their own, toxic fumes from poisonous dust that enemies caused, and the exhaustion of the never-ending battle of the war. Also throughout the walls of the trenches, many massive rats withered their way to the flesh of the dead corps of a fellow soldier. During the poem, â€Å"Break of Day in The Trenches† by Isaac Rosenberg, he explained theRead MoreAnalysis Of Siegfried Sassoon s The Great War 936 Words   |  4 Pagesand muddy, and multiple firearms always pointing at each other. Before the men began their journey into booby-traps of the war, many individuals encouraged them that fighting in the war was fun. However, it was far from fun: many soldiers fought in trenches, many became shell shock, an d many saw the world in a much more horrific view when returning back home. 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Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCyr, Northwestern University Evelyn Dadzie, Clark Atlanta University Joseph Daly, Appalachian Stat e University Denise Daniels, Seattle Pacific University Marie Dasborough, Oklahoma State University Nancy Da Silva, San Jose State University Christine Day, Eastern Michigan University Emmeline de Pillis, University of Hawaii, Hilo Kathy Lund Dean, Idaho State University Roger Dean, Washington Lee University Robert DelCampo, University of New Mexico Kristen Detienne, Brigham Young University Doug Dierking

Computers †Invention of the Century Free Essays

string(80) " electronic computers to take advantage of these improvements appeared in 1947\." The History of Computers only once in a lifetime will a new invention come about to touch every aspect of our lives. Such devices changed the way we manage, work, and live. A machine that has done all this and more now exists in nearly every business in the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Computers – Invention of the Century or any similar topic only for you Order Now This incredible invention is the computer. The electronic computer has been around for over a half-century, but its ancestors have been around for 2000 years. However, only in the last 40 years has the computer changed American management to its greatest extent. From the first wooden abacus to the latest high-speed microprocessor, the computer has changed nearly every aspect of management, and our lives for the better. The very earliest existence of the modern day computer’s ancestor is the abacus. These date back to almost 2000 years ago (Dolotta, 1985). It is simply a wooden rack holding parallel wires on which beads are strung. When these beads are moved along the wire according to programming rules that the user must memorize. All ordinary arithmetic operations can be performed on the abacus. This was one of the first management tools used. The next innovation in computers took place in 1694 when Blaise Pascal invented the first digital calculating machine. It could only add numbers and they had to be entered by turning dials. It was designed to help Pascal’s father, who was a tax collector, manage the town’s taxes (Beer, 1966). In the early 1800s, a mathematics professor named Charles Babbage designed an automatic calculation machine (Dolotta, 1985). It was steam powered and could store up to 1000 50-digit numbers. Built in to his machine were operations that included everything a modern general-purpose computer would need. It was programmed by and stored data on cards with holes punched in them, appropriately called punch cards. This machine was extremely useful to managers that delt with large volumes of good. With Babbage’s machine, managers could more easily calculate the large numbers accumulated by inventories. The only problem was that there was only one of these machines built, thus making it difficult for all managers to use (Beer, 1966). After Babbage, people began to lose interest in computers. However, between 1850 and 1900 there were great advances in mathematics and physics that began to rekindle the interest. Many of these new advances involved complex calculations and formulas that were very time consuming for human calculation. The first major use for a computer in the U. S. was during the 1890 census. Two men, Herman Hollerith and James Powers, developed a new punched-card system that could automatically read information on cards without human (Dolotta, 1985). Since the population of the U. S. was increasing so fast, the computer was an essential tool for managers in tabulating the totals (Hazewindus,1988). These advantages were noted by commercial industries and soon led to the development of improved punch-card business-machine systems by International Business Machines, Remington-Rand, Burroughs, and other corporations (Chposky, 1988). By modern standards the punched-card machines were slow, typically processing from 50 to 250 cards per minute, with each card holding up to 80 digits. At the time, however, punched cards were an enormous step forward; they provided a means of input, output, and memory storage on a massive scale. For more than 50 years following their first use, punched-card machines did the bulk of the world’s business computing (Jacobs, 1975). By the late 1930s punched-card machine techniques had become so well established and reliable that Howard Hathaway Aiken, in collaboration with engineers at IBM, undertook construction of a large automatic digital computer based on standard IBM electromechanical parts (Chposky, 1988). Aiken’s machine, called the Harvard Mark I, handled 23-digit numbers and could perform all four arithmetic operations (Dolotta, 1985). Also, it had special built-in programs to handled logarithms and trigonometric functions. The Mark I was controlled from prepunched paper tape. Output was by card punch and electric typewriter. It was slow, requiring 3 to 5 seconds for a multiplication, but it was fully automatic and could complete long computations without human intervention. The outbreak of World War II produced a desperate need for computing capability, especially for the military (Dolotta, 1985). New weapons systems were produced which needed trajectory tables and other essential data. In 1942, John P. Eckert, John W. Mauchley, and their associates at the University of Pennsylvania decided to build a high-speed electronic computer to do the job. This machine became known as ENIAC, for Electrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator (Chposky, 1988). It could multiply two numbers at the rate of 300 products per second, by finding the value of each product from a multiplication table stored in its memory. ENIAC was thus about 1,000 times faster than the previous generation of computers. ENIAC used 18,000 standard vacuum tubes, occupied 1800 square feet of floor space, and used about 180,000 watts of electricity. It used punched-card input and output. The ENIAC was very difficult to program because one had to essentially re-wire it to perform whatever task he wanted the computer to do. It was efficient in handling the particular programs for which it had been designed. ENIAC is generally accepted as the first successful high-speed electronic digital computer and was used in many applications from 1946 to 1955. However, the ENIAC was not accessible to managers of businesses (Beer, 1966). Mathematician John Von Neumann was very interested in the ENIAC. In 1945 he undertook a theoretical study of computation that demonstrated that a computer could have a very simple and yet be able to execute any kind of computation effectively by means of proper programmed control without the need for any changes in hardware. Von Neumann came up with incredible ideas for methods of building and organizing practical, fast computers. These ideas, which came to be referred to as the stored-program technique, became fundamental for future generations of high-speed digital computers and were universally adopted (Dolotta, 1985). The first wave of modern programmed electronic computers to take advantage of these improvements appeared in 1947. You read "Computers – Invention of the Century" in category "Essay examples" This group included computers using random access memory, RAM, which is a memory designed to give almost constant access to any particular piece of information (Dolotta, 1985). These machines had punched-card or punched-tape input and output devices and RAMs of 1000-word capacity. Physically, they were much more compact than ENIAC: some were about the size of a grand piano and required 2500 small electron tubes. This was quite an improvement over the earlier machines. The first-generation stored-program computers required considerable maintenance, usually attained 70% to 80% reliable operation, and were used for 8 to 12 years (Hazewindus,1988). Typically, they were programmed directly in machine language, although by the mid-1950s progress had been made in several aspects of advanced programming. This group of machines included EDVAC and UNIVAC, the first commercially available computers. With this invention, managers had even more power to perform calculations for such things as statistical demographic data (Beer, 1966). Before this time, it was very rare for a manager of a larger business to have the means to process large numbers in so little time. The UNIVAC was developed by John W. Mauchley and John Eckert, Jr. in the 1950s. Together they had formed the Mauchley-Eckert Computer Corporation, America’s first computer company in the 1940s. During the development of the UNIVAC, they began to run short on funds and sold their company to the larger Remington-Rand Corporation. Eventually they built a working UNIVAC computer. It was delivered to the U. S. Census Bureau in 1951 where it was used to help tabulate the U. S. population (Hazewindus,1988). Early in the 1950s two important engineering discoveries changed the electronic computer field. The first computers were made with vacuum tubes, but by the late 1950s computers were being made out of transistors, which were smaller, less expensive, more reliable, and more efficient (Dolotta, 1985). In 1959, Robert Noyce, a physicist at the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation, invented the integrated circuit, a tiny chip of silicon that contained an entire electronic circuit. Gone was the bulky, unreliable, but fast machine; now computers began to become more compact, more reliable and have more capacity. These new technical discoveries rapidly found their way into new models of digital computers. Memory storage capacities increased 800% in commercially available machines by the early 1960s and speeds increased by an equally large margin (Jacobs, 1975). These machines were very expensive to purchase or to rent and were especially expensive to operate because of the cost of hiring programmers to perform the complex operations the computers ran. Such computers were typically found in large computer centers operated by industry, government, and private laboratories staffed with many programmers and support personnel. By 1956, 76 of IBM’s large computer mainframes were in use, compared with only 46 UNIVAC’s (Chposky, 1988). In the 1960s efforts to design and develop the fastest possible computers with the greatest capacity reached a turning point with the completion of the LARC machine for Livermore Radiation Laboratories by the Sperry-Rand Corporation, and the Stretch computer by IBM. The LARC had a core memory of 98,000 words and multiplied in 10 microseconds. Stretch was provided with several ranks of memory having slower access for the ranks of greater capacity, the fastest access time being less than 1 microseconds and the total capacity in the vicinity of 100 million words. During this time the major computer manufacturers began to offer a range of computer capabilities, as well as various computer-related equipment (Jacobs, 1975). These included input means such as consoles and card feeders; output means such as page printers, cathode-ray-tube displays, and graphing devices; and optional magnetic-tape and magnetic-disk file storage. These found wide use in management for such applications as accounting, payroll, inventory control, ordering supplies, and billing. Central processing units for such purposes did not need to be very fast arithmetically and were primarily used to access large amounts of records on file. The greatest number of computer systems were delivered for the larger applications, such as in hospitals for keeping track of patient records, medications, and treatments given. They were also used in automated library systems and in database systems such as the Chemical Abstracts system, where computer records now on file cover nearly all known chemical compounds (Dolotta, 1985). The trend during the 1970s was, to some extent, away from extremely powerful, centralized computational centers and toward a broader range of applications for less-costly computer systems (Jacobs, 1975). Most continuous-process manufacturing, such as petroleum refining and electrical-power distribution systems, began using computers of relatively modest capability for controlling and regulating their activities. In the 1960s the programming of applications problems was an obstacle to the self-sufficiency of moderate-sized on-site computer installations, but great advances in applications programming languages removed these obstacles. Applications languages became available for controlling a great range of manufacturing processes, for computer operation of machine tools, and for many other tasks. In 1971 Marcian E. Hoff, Jr. , an engineer at the Intel Corporation, invented the microprocessor and another stage in the development of the computer began. A new revolution in computer hardware was now well under way, involving miniaturization of computer-logic circuitry and of component manufacture by what are called large-scale integration techniques. In the 1950s it was realized that scaling down the size of electronic digital computer circuits and parts would increase speed and efficiency and improve performance. However, at that time the manufacturing methods were not good enough to accomplish such a task. About 1960, photoprinting of conductive circuit boards to eliminate wiring became highly developed. Then it became possible to build resistors and capacitors into the circuitry by photographic means. In the 1970s entire assemblies, such as adders, shifting registers, and counters, became available on tiny chips of silicon. In the 1980s very large scale integration, VLSI, in which hundreds of thousands of transistors are placed on a single chip, became increasingly common. Many companies, some new to the computer field, introduced in the 1970s programmable minicomputers supplied with software packages. The size-reduction trend continued with the introduction of personal computers, which are programmable machines small enough and inexpensive enough to be purchased and used by individuals. One of the first of such machines was introduced in January 1975. Popular Electronics magazine provided plans that would allow any electronics wizard to build his own small, programmable computer for about $380. The computer was called the Altair 8800. Its programming involved pushing buttons and flipping switches on the front of the box. It didn’t include a monitor or keyboard, and its applications were very limited. Even though, many orders came in for it and several famous owners of computer and software manufacturing companies got their start in computing through the Altair. For example, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, founders of Apple Computer, built a much cheaper, yet more productive version of the Altair and turned their hobby into a business. After the introduction of the Altair 8800, the personal computer industry became a fierce battleground of competition. IBM had been the computer industry standard for well over a half-century. They held their position as the standard when they introduced their first personal computer, the IBM Model 60 in 1975. However, the newly formed Apple Computer company was releasing its own personal computer, the Apple II. The Apple I was the first computer designed by Jobs and Wozniak in Wozniak’s garage, which was not produced on a wide scale. Software was needed to run the computers as well. Microsoft developed a Disk Operating System, MS-DOS, for the IBM computer while Apple developed its own software. Because Microsoft had now set the software standard for IBMs, every software manufacturer had to make their software compatible with Microsoft’s. This would lead to huge profits for Microsoft. The main goal of the computer manufacturers was to make the computer as affordable as possible while increasing speed, reliability, and capacity. Nearly every computer manufacturer accomplished this and computers popped up everywhere. Computers were in businesses keeping track of even more inventories for managers. Computers were in colleges aiding students in research. Computers were in laboratories making complex calculations at high speeds for scientists and physicists. The computer had made its mark everywhere in management and built up a huge industry. The future is promising for the computer industry and its technology. The speed of processors is expected to double every year and a half in the coming years. As manufacturing techniques are further perfected the prices of computer systems are expected to steadily fall. However, since the microprocessor technology will be increasing, it’s higher costs will offset the drop in price of older processors. In other words, the price of a new computer will stay about the same from year to year, but technology will steadily increase. Since the end of World War II, the computer industry has grown from a standing start into one of the biggest and most profitable industries in the United States. It now comprises thousands of companies, making everything from multi-million dollar high-speed supercomputers to printout paper and floppy disks. It employs millions of people and generates tens of billions of dollars in sales each year. Surely, the computer has impacted every aspect of people’s lives. It has affected the way people work and play. It has made everyone’s life easier by doing difficult work for people. The computer truly is one of the most incredible inventions in history to ever influence management, and life. How to cite Computers – Invention of the Century, Essay examples